A native of Corsica, Napoleon Bonaparte was born as Napoleone di Buonaparte just months after France took over the Mediterranean island from the Italian city-state of Genoa. Despite living under French rule, the future emperor initially considered France to be a foreign nation. Napoleone grew up speaking Corsican, and first learned to read and write in Italian.
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria but later gave up his Austrian citizenship. Born in a small Austrian town adjacent to Germany, Adolf Hitler moved around a lot as a youth, spending time on both sides of the border. After several years as a struggling artist in Vienna, he left Austria for good in Some historians believe Hitler left to avoid serving in the army of the multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire. Joining what would become the Nazi Party , he landed in prison following the failed Beer Hall Putsch of While he was behind bars, the German authorities considered deporting him to his home country, but the Austrian government refused to take him back.
In order to forestall any future deportation proceedings, Hitler, now a free man again, applied in to give up his Austrian citizenship, and the Austrians immediately granted his request.
He would remain stateless for the next seven years, officially becoming a German only after announcing his candidacy in the presidential election. At that point, the virulently anti-Semitic Nazis held power in only one German state, Braunschweig, where they were part of a coalition government.
Rather than go through the normal path to citizenship, Hitler was given a Braunschweig civil service job, a position for which he never did any work but which automatically conferred German citizenship upon him. The year he was born, the final part of Georgia was incorporated into the Russian Empire. Joseph Stalin was born Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili in , the same year that the last portion of his native Georgia, which borders the Black Sea in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
A poor youth who embraced revolutionary Marxism while enrolled at a seminary, Djugashvili spoke in Georgian. He did not learn Russian until about the same age Napoleon learned French, when the teenage sons of a local priest taught it to him. Yet, since the political climate is in flux, it may be some time before we can determine whether the comparisons are appropriate or alarmist.
In the meantime, we can better understand the argument by examining an earlier but strikingly similar craze for historical analogies from the Nazi era. While commentators today debate whether Hitler analogies explain modern politics, observers back then tried out various analogies to explain Hitler. Further reading: How American journalists reported the rise of Hitler.
Regardless of which historical figures were invoked, the analogies served several didactic goals. The commentators sought to make Hitler comprehensible by comparing him to familiar examples; they aimed to reassure people psychologically that the events they were experiencing were merely new versions of older ones; and they showed how past precedents could provide guidelines for present-day action. Hitler is merely a symptom, [just] as Napoleon III [was a] It is a physical and mental illness that has serious aspects but is not necessarily fatal.
Some observers underscored the threat by comparing the killings to the murder of French Huguenots by Catholics during the St. In —41, for instance, American journalists compared Hitler to Philip of Macedon in order to encourage U. For a more through discussion of the balance of power, see my The Social Dilemma. Lewitter , pp. Gulick , pp. On the complexities of his shifting alliances, see Langer , pp.
The alliance remained in effect from — Carr , pp. Dupuy and Dupuy , pp. Despite these seemingly long odds, Frederick characteristically struck first and won a great victory at Lobositz October 1, Bemis , p. In addition to the thirteen colonies, Britain gave up Florida, the island of St. All of this is absolutely terribly reported in the standard American history of the Revolutionary War.
I recently asked a historian who, is a specialist on the Revolutionary period and who has received a Guggenheim fellowship, what was the largest battle in the war of the American Revolution [It was the Saints in the West Indies. A little further questioning indicated she was totally ignorant of the non-American part of the war. Since the war was primarily a war between England on one side, and France and Spain on the other, this was Hamlet without the prince of Denmark.
He fairly regularly won fair elections and normally faced a legislature which was dominated by his opposition. Henderson , pp. Time ,Vol. According to a table listed in Tapsell , pp. Almost all of the 62 remaining emperors were installed by means of violence. For example, in 6 A. In , only 19 of a total of 78 British Army regiments were located in England Kushler [chart]. They retained a number of contacts to their regiment, and would normally tell you the regiment they belonged to.
It was, however, more a social matter than a formal structure. Bruce , p. Youg an Lawford , p. Lloyd , p. Charles Edward Stuart was defeated decisively at the Battle of Culloden only after attempting a surprise attack on the British army commanded by Cumberland which failed to surprise Dupuy and Dupuy , p.
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