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Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Civil Rights Movement. In the build-up to the First World War, Germany and Britain were involved in a naval race to see how many bigger and better battleships could be created. When this war began, many expected the resulting navies to sail out and fight a great naval battle. In fact, this only ever almost happened at Jutland, and that was inconclusive. The British knew that their navy was the only part of their military who could lose the war in an afternoon and decided not to use it in a massive battle but to blockade all the shipping routes to Germany and try and starve their enemy into submission.
To do so they seized the shipping of neutral countries and caused a lot of upset, but Britain was able to soothe ruffled feathers and come to agreements with these neutral countries. Of course, Britain had the advantage, as it was between Germany and the Atlantic shipping routes, so US purchases were effectively cut off.
Germany also decided to blockade Britain, but not only did they cause upset they caused their own destruction. Basically, the German above sea fleet was restricted to cat and mouse operations, but their submarines were told to go out and blockade the British by stopping any Atlantic trade reaching them. The Germans thus began sinking the ships coming to Britain: enemy, neutral, civilian alike. Unrestricted submarine warfare, because there were no restrictions on who to sink. Sailors were dying, and theoretically neutral nations like the US were livid.
In the face of opposition from the neutrals like the US who threatened to join the war , and demands from German politicians for the submarines to be brought under control, the Germans changed tactics.
But Germany knew they were out producing the allies when it came to submarines and were still having success with their more careful policy. High command wondered: if we began unrestricted Submarine warfare again, could our blockade force Britain to surrender before the US was able to declare war and get their troops over the seas?
In , Germany had just 20 U-boats. By , it had and the U-boats had destroyed about 30 percent of the world's merchant ships. At the dawn of , the German high command forced a return to the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, engineering the dismissal of opponents of the policy that aimed to sink more than , tons of shipping a month.
Germany was already experiencing food shortages and had imposed unpopular compulsory service either in armed forces or war industries. The foreign reaction to the German campaign was resoundingly negative. The British, of course, quickly condemned the campaign as an illegal act of piracy. More important were the reactions of the major neutrals, who also objected to the legality of the new campaign. The most significant neutral was the United States.
The sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania happened in April , just three months into the campaign. That sinking led to strong American protests against the submarine campaign.
American pressure led at first to modifications to the campaign, in particular to attempts to exclude passenger liners and hospital ships from attack.
When the incidents continued, the submarines were first moved out of the Atlantic and into the Mediterranean, where there was very little American traffic. When Reinhard Scheer took over as commander of the High Seas Fleet in , he ordered the submarines back to the North Sea where they were once again to be used in support of the High Seas Fleet. The submarines were no more effective attacking modern warships under Scheer than they had been earlier.
By February , the Germans had over submarines available and Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff presented information demonstrating that if those submarines could sink , tons of British and Allied shipping every month for six months that Britain would have to surrender as they no longer would have enough shipping to import the necessary amount of food to feed its people.
Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed on 1 February Now, with roughly thirty submarines at sea at a time, the Germans enjoyed enormous success. In February, the Germans sank , tons of shipping; in March they sank , tons and in April they sank a phenomenal , tons. Eventually the convoy system would prove effective but it took time to organize and fully implement it and in the meantime the submarines continued their depredations. In May, they sank , tons; in June , tons and in July, as convoys became widespread, , tons.
An angry President Woodrow Wilson sought and received a declaration of war on Germany in April In November , a new German government would recognize their defeat and end the war. The Germans used primarily three types of submarines during the war, the U-boat , large fleet boats, and two smaller classes, the UB and UC boats.
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