What part of the justification is "self-evident"? What part must be explained? Organize the 27 grievances into three to five groups. Clearly explain the pattern among the groups, e. What do you discover in the process of organizing the grievances? Why are the grievances not listed in chronological order, with dates and events?
Analyze the structure of the Declaration. How does it give momentum and necessity to the Declaration? In what ways is the final Declaration more or less persuasive, in your analysis, than Jefferson's draft? How does the Declaration inspire confidence as well as solidarity?
How does the cadence of the grievance list contribute to the urgency and certainty of the Declaration? Why did the delegates remove Jefferson's clause on the slave trade from the grievance list? Overall, how did the Declaration convince many Americans that independence, which they "first dreaded as an evil," was in truth a "national blessing"? How did such different documents by different men address similar issues? How did each try to convert the "timid" and the "doubting" in Samuel Adams's words to the cause of independence?
How had circumstances changed in the six months between the two documents January and July ? What variety of sentiments is evident in the July letters by delegates to the Second Continental Congress? How did delegate Robert Morris explain his opposition to the Declaration—and his decision to support it once adopted? How might Jefferson and Adams, who died on the Declaration's fiftieth anniversary, have commented in on the delegates' sentiments in ?
Describe the colonies' official readings and celebrations of the Declaration. How did they mark a clear transition from "British colonies " to "free and independent states"? How did they forge unity and certainty? How does the list of "patriotic toasts" in the Massachusetts Spy reflect the process of solidifying revolutionary fervor and readiness for war? Why is it stressed in news accounts of the celebrations that all was conducted in "decency and good order"?
Write an introduction to the Declaration of Independence for a person becoming naturalized as a U. Begin with one of these statements from the readings, or choose another. I can see that the End is more than worth all the Means. The people are now convinced of what we ought long since to have known, that our enemies have left us no middle way between perfect freedom and abject slavery.
Why does he dismiss it as a "list of imaginary grievances"? To whom is his rebuttal addressed? Why is he so angry? Why did the full Congress remove much of the anger but not all from Jefferson's draft of the Declaration? To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. The colonists were also angered by the provisions of the act that expanded the boundaries of Quebec out into the modern Midwest of the U.
Grievance 21 "For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments. Gage it also put the colony more or less under martial law the power to appoint their own choices for the various colony government positions such as judges, attorney generals, justices of the peace, and sheriffs.
Grievance 22 "For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. Grievance 23 "He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He in effect was declaring war on the colonies, which meant he no longer recognized them as being under English rule or under protection of English laws. It may be fortunate that the act of independency should come from the British Parliament rather than the American Congress.
This was probably due to the fact that it appeared to the colonists that not only was the King willing to use English troops to destroy and subjugate fellow Englishmen, but now he was also willing to use troops from other countries to destroy and subjugate them as well.
Grievance 26 "He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. This is another act that was severally condemned by colonial supporters in Parliament as having no other purpose but to be cruel and vengeful.
Grievance 27 "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
A significant part of his force that had attacked the Virginia coast was composed of runaway slaves. The use of various Indian allies by the British all throughout the war was looked upon with as much horror by many members of Parliament as it was by the colonists. Rome , NY Explore This Park.
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