The solubility rules help determine which substances are soluble, and to what extent. Depending on the solubility of a solute, there are three possible results: 1 if the solution has less solute than the maximum amount that it is able to dissolve its solubility , it is a dilute solution; 2 if the amount of solute is exactly the same amount as its solubility, it is saturated; 3 if there is more solute than is able to be dissolved, the excess solute separates from the solution.
If this separation process includes crystallization, it forms a precipitate. Precipitation lowers the concentration of the solute to the saturation in order to increase the stability of the solution. The following are the solubility rules for common ionic solids.
If there two rules appear to contradict each other, the preceding rule takes precedence. According to Rule 5, carbonates tend to be insoluble.
Therefore, FeCO 3 is likely to form a precipitate. This is perchlorate, which according to Rule 2 is likely to be soluble. Therefore, it will not form a precipitate. For b , Rule 1 indicates that table salt NaCl is soluble because it is a salt of an alkali metal. Rule 4 states that bromides are usually soluble, but Rule 3 states that salts of silver are insoluble.
Periodic Table: Trends in the Properties of the Elements. Bisindole anchored mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cyanide sensing in aqueous media. Chemical Communications , 47 39 , Mishra , E. Suresh , Satyabrata Das , Amitava Das. Organic Letters , 12 15 , Jagannadham , D. Annapurna Padmavathi , R. Why is benzyl- gem -diacetate remarkably stable in aqueous solution?.
International Journal of Chemical Kinetics , 41 8 , Blanco , Nancy R. Solubility of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo[4. Topics in molecular modeling: dual indices, quality of modeling and missing information, truncation. Limits with modeling data and modeling data with limits. Data Science Journal , 1 , Pair your accounts. Your Mendeley pairing has expired. This increased disorder is responsible for the dissolution of many ionic compounds, including KCl, which dissolve with absorption of heat.
In other cases, the electrostatic attractions between the ions in a crystal are so large, or the ion-dipole attractive forces between the ions and water molecules are so weak, that the increase in disorder cannot compensate for the energy required to separate the ions, and the crystal is insoluble.
Such is the case for compounds such as calcium carbonate limestone , calcium phosphate the inorganic component of bone , and iron oxide rust. Some combinations of aqueous reactants result in the formation of a solid precipitate as a product. However, some combinations will not produce such a product. If solutions of sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride are mixed, no reaction occurs.
One could write a molecular equation showing a double-replacement reaction, but both products, sodium chloride and ammonium nitrate, are soluble and would remain in the solution as ions. Every ion is a spectator ion and there is no net ionic equation at all. It is useful to be able to predict when a precipitate will occur in a reaction. As an example on how to use the solubility rules, predict if a precipitate will form when solutions of cesium bromide and lead II nitrate are mixed.
Volume 18, From the journal: Discussions of the Faraday Society. The stability of insoluble metal salt sols in aqueous media. The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract. You have access to this article. Please wait while we load your content Something went wrong.
0コメント